Add range partitioning compatibility helpers #22589

Parent: #22395

Add partitioning compatibility helpers.

Partitioning::Range describes range-partitioned data, but optimizer and execution work lack a good way to ask whether two partitioning schemes describe the same partition map. This issue adds that API surface without changing planning behavior:

• Add Partitioning::compatible_with.
• Add RangePartitioning::compatible_with.

compatible_with is different from satisfaction:

• satisfaction asks whether a partitioning can satisfy a required distribution.
  • Example: a single-partition input satisfies HashPartitioned([a]) because no repartition is needed for correctness.
• compatible_with asks whether partition i on both sides covers the same key domain. Example: two range partitionings on a with split points [10, 20] are compatible because partition 1 means 10 <= a < 20 on both sides.

This distinction is useful for partition-local behavior such as joins or dynamic filters. If two partition maps are compatible, partition-local state from partition i can be applied to partition i safely. If compatibility is not proven, later optimizer rules should keep the existing safe fallback behavior.