AGT-38: Add Async Processing API SDK/CLI

[Regan-Koopmans]

Adds SDK and CLI support for the Async Processing API.

API

The API is served from services.sentinel-hub.com. The public spec has two operations:

• POST /async/v1/process: submit a request
• GET /async/v1/process/{id}: get status

The only status is RUNNING. Finished requests return 404, whether they succeeded or failed. The outcome lives in the delivery bucket: results, or error.json.

Changes

• planet.AsyncProcessingClient: create_request, get_request, wait. wait polls until 404.
• Planet().async_processing: sync wrapper.
• planet.async_processing_request: builders for input, output, data sources, responses, and S3/GCS buckets. Validates locally.
• planet async-processing request | create | get | wait. --deployment selects aws-eu-central-1 or aws-us-west-2. Each command's --help has an example.
• Docs: CLI tutorial with SDK snippets, SDK reference entries, auth overview fix.

Notes

• OAuth2 only. Planet API keys are rejected by this API. The docs and help text say so.
• wait cannot tell a finished request from an unknown ID. Both return 404.

Open questions for the Async Processing team

• Are there list or cancel endpoints outside the public spec?
• Do Planet user tokens work in production? The auth docs say yes. Not verified live.
• Is sentinel-2-l2a the preferred collection name? The public examples use S2L2A.

Testing

• 64 new tests: unit tests for the builders, respx tests for the client (async and sync) and CLI.
• Full suite passes (1010 tests, 97% coverage). Lint, mypy, and the docs build pass.
• Not run against the live API.

Remaining from the ticket

• Update the public docs.planet.com page. Snippets are in docs/cli/cli-async-processing.md.
• Product review with the Async Processing team.

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